Chapter 3 Hydraulics: Hydraulic Pumps

Chapter 3 Hydraulics: Hydraulic Pumps#

Introduction: Hydraulic Pumps
Simulation: Pump Selection
Simulation: Pump Design
Self-Assessment

1. Introduction#

Descriptive alt text for accessibility — Fig. 9 **Figure 3.9 **: Breaking Wave.#

💧 Hydraulic Pumps: Concepts, Design, and System Integration#

📘 Definition#

A hydraulic pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by generating flow and pressure within a fluid system. It is a core component in applications such as water delivery, energy dissipation, and fluid power systems.

⚙️ Design Parameters#

Parameter	Description
Flow Rate (Q)	Volume of fluid moved per unit time (e.g., L/min or m³/s)
Head (H)	Energy per unit weight of fluid, typically expressed in meters
Power (Pₖ)	Mechanical energy required to drive the pump
Efficiency (η)	Ratio of hydraulic power to shaft input power
Fluid Properties	Density, viscosity, temperature, and presence of solids
NPSH	Net Positive Suction Head required to avoid cavitation

🔍 Types of Hydraulic Pumps#

Pump Type	Description & Use Case
Centrifugal Pump	Rotodynamic; high flow, low pressure; ideal for clean water
Gear Pump	Positive displacement; suitable for viscous fluids
Vane Pump	Moderate pressure and compact footprint
Piston Pump	High pressure applications; variable displacement
Diaphragm Pump	For slurries, chemicals, and solids-laden fluids

🧪 Pump Selection Guidelines#

Match pump type with fluid characteristics and system duty
Consider pressure, flow rate, efficiency, and spatial constraints
Use manufacturer curves and selection charts
Verify compatibility with solids, viscosity, and corrosion

📈 Pump Characteristic Curve#

Plot of Head vs. Flow Rate for a pump at constant speed
Includes:
- Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
- Power consumption
- NPSHr (required)
Shape: head decreases as flow increases

📊 System Curve#

Represents total head loss in the system as a function of flow
Components:
- Static head (elevation gain/loss)
- Friction head (pipe and fittings resistance)
Curve rises with increasing flow

🎯 Selection of Operating Point#

Found at the intersection of pump curve and system curve
Should be near BEP for optimal:
- Efficiency
- Longevity
- Noise/vibration control
Consider POR and AOR per ANSI/HI guidelines

🧮 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)#

Term	Definition
NPSHa	Available suction head in the system
NPSHr	Minimum required NPSH by the pump to prevent cavitation
Cavitation Risk	Occurs if NPSHa < NPSHr — leads to vapor bubbles & damage

Ensure NPSHa ≥ NPSHr + margin for safe operation.

🔗 Pumps in Series vs. Pumps in Parallel#

Configuration	Combined Effect	Typical Application
Series	Adds head, flow remains constant	High elevation or pressure requirements
Parallel	Adds flow, head remains constant	High demand or variable flow systems

In series: \(( H_{total} = H_1 + H_2 \))
In parallel: \(( Q_{total} = Q_1 + Q_2 \))

References#

[Gupta, 2017] provides fundamental coverage of hydraulic machinery and pumps, suitable for civil and mechanical engineering students.

2. Simulation#

💧 Summary: Interactive Hydraulic Pump Design & Selection Tool#

📘 What It Is#

This Jupyter-based Python tool estimates hydraulic pump power requirements and suggests suitable pump types. It uses ipywidgets for interactive input and real-time output display.

⚙️ How It Works#

🔧 Design Calculator#

Computes flow rate in m³/s from user input (L/min)
Calculates required power in kW based on flow rate, head, fluid density, gravity, and efficiency
Optionally estimates outlet pressure in kPa

🔍 Pump Selector#

Recommends pump type based on:
- Flow rate and head
- Fluid type and viscosity
- Presence of solids
- Space constraints

🧭 Inputs and Parameters#

Parameter	Purpose
Q (L/min)	Flow rate input
H (m)	Head (elevation gain)
Efficiency	Pump efficiency (0.5–0.95)
Density (ρ)	Fluid density (kg/m³)
Gravity (g)	Gravitational constant (m/s²)
Fluid Type	Water, Oil, Coolant
Viscosity (cP)	Fluid viscosity
Solids Present	Checkbox for abrasive or particulate flow
Space Limited	Checkbox for vertical installation logic

📊 Interpreting Output#

Output Field	Meaning
Flow Rate (m³/s)	Converted flow for power calculation
Required Power (kW)	Energy needed to deliver fluid at defined head
Outlet Pressure (kPa)	Estimated static pressure at pump outlet
Pump Selection Advice	Suggests most suitable pump type for given scenario

This tool is useful for teaching design principles, guiding preliminary selection in water systems, or exploring parametric impacts on pump sizing.

import numpy as np
import ipywidgets as widgets
from IPython.display import display, Markdown

# 🔧 Design calculator
def hydraulic_pump_design(Q_lpm, H_m, efficiency=0.75, rho=1000, g=9.81, include_pressure=True):
    Q_m3s = Q_lpm / 1000 / 60
    power_kW = (rho * g * Q_m3s * H_m) / (efficiency * 1000)
    pressure_kPa = rho * g * H_m / 1000 if include_pressure else None

    md = f"""
### 💡 Hydraulic Pump Design Results

- **Flow Rate**: {Q_lpm:.1f} L/min → {Q_m3s:.5f} m³/s  
- **Head**: {H_m:.1f} m  
- **Efficiency**: {efficiency:.2f}  
- **Fluid Density (ρ)**: {rho:.1f} kg/m³  
- **Gravity (g)**: {g:.2f} m/s²  
- ⚡ **Required Power**: {power_kW:.2f} kW  
- 🧪 **Outlet Pressure**: {pressure_kPa:.2f} kPa
"""
    display(Markdown(md))

# 🔍 Pump selector
def recommend_pump_type(flow_lpm, head_m, fluid_type='Water', temperature=25,
                        viscosity_cP=1.0, solids=False, space_limited=False):
    if viscosity_cP > 100 or fluid_type.lower() == 'oil':
        return "🔧 Recommend: Screw or Gear Pump (Viscous Fluids)"
    elif head_m > 100:
        return "🔧 Recommend: Multistage Centrifugal Pump (High Head)"
    elif solids:
        return "🔧 Recommend: Slurry or Diaphragm Pump (Solids Handling)"
    elif flow_lpm < 50:
        return "🔧 Recommend: Peristaltic or Piston Pump (Low Flow)"
    elif space_limited:
        return "🔧 Recommend: Vertical Inline Pump (Compact Footprint)"
    else:
        return "🔧 Recommend: Standard Centrifugal Pump (General Use)"

# 🎛️ Widgets
Q_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=500, min=10, max=2000, step=10, description='Flow Q (L/min):')
H_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=35, min=1, max=150, step=1, description='Head H (m):')
eff_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=0.75, min=0.5, max=0.95, step=0.01, description='Efficiency:')
rho_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=1000, min=950, max=1200, step=10, description='Density ρ:')
g_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=9.81, min=9.0, max=10.0, step=0.01, description='Gravity g:')

fluid_dropdown = widgets.Dropdown(options=['Water', 'Oil', 'Coolant'], value='Water', description='Fluid:')
viscosity_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=1.0, min=0.5, max=500.0, step=1.0, description='Viscosity (cP):')
solids_toggle = widgets.Checkbox(value=False, description='Solids Present')
space_toggle = widgets.Checkbox(value=False, description='Space Limited')

run_btn = widgets.Button(description='Calculate & Recommend')

def on_click(b):
    hydraulic_pump_design(Q_slider.value, H_slider.value, eff_slider.value,
                          rho_slider.value, g_slider.value)

    recommendation = recommend_pump_type(flow_lpm=Q_slider.value,
                                         head_m=H_slider.value,
                                         fluid_type=fluid_dropdown.value,
                                         viscosity_cP=viscosity_slider.value,
                                         solids=solids_toggle.value,
                                         space_limited=space_toggle.value)
    display(Markdown(f"### 🧭 Pump Selection Advice\n{recommendation}"))

run_btn.on_click(on_click)

# 📦 Display interface
display(Q_slider, H_slider, eff_slider, rho_slider, g_slider,
        fluid_dropdown, viscosity_slider, solids_toggle, space_toggle, run_btn)

3. Simulation#

💧 Summary: Pump Flow Capacity Estimator (Interactive Tool)#

📘 What It Is#

This Python-based Jupyter tool estimates flow capacity and evaluates suction safety for typical pumps based on embedded performance curves. It allows users to interactively define system elevation, pipe conditions, and fluid properties.

⚙️ What It Does#

Uses embedded pump models with head–flow equations ( H = a - bQ^2 )
Computes static head based on suction and discharge elevations
Solves for operating flow rate where pump head equals system head
Assesses NPSH safety by comparing NPSHa vs. NPSHr

🧮 How It Works#

Module	Function
`pump_models`	Defines typical pumps with parameters `a`, `b`, and `NPSHr`
`find_operating_point()`	Calculates flow rate ( Q_{opt} ) that satisfies ( H_{pump} = H_{system} )
`check_npsh()`	Computes Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHa) and checks safety margin
Widgets	Let users input suction/discharge elevations, pipe diameter, losses, vapor head

📊 Input Parameters#

Input	Meaning
Pump Model	Selects curve parameters for a predefined pump
Suction Elevation	Elevation of fluid source (m)
Discharge Elevation	Elevation of output point (m)
Pipe Diameter	Size of delivery pipe (used for display)
Vapor Head	Vapor pressure head of fluid (used in NPSH calc)
Pipe Loss	Suction-side head loss (m)

📈 How to Interpret Outputs#

Output Field	Meaning
Static Head	Elevation difference driving system resistance
Pump Head at Operating Point	Required pump head when flow equals system head
Flow Capacity	Calculated flow rate where pump matches system resistance (L/s)
NPSHa vs. NPSHr	Compares available and required suction head for cavitation safety
Safety Margin	Buffer zone above NPSHr; ≥0.5 m is typically safe

✅ Use this tool to determine feasibility, pump suitability, and suction safety across design scenarios. You can easily extend it with real pump catalog data, friction losses, or visual curve plotting.

import numpy as np
import ipywidgets as widgets
from IPython.display import display, Markdown

# Sample pump models with H_pump = a - b*Q²
pump_models = {
    'Model A - Centrifugal': {'a': 40, 'b': 0.004, 'NPSHr': 2.5},
    'Model B - Multistage': {'a': 70, 'b': 0.002, 'NPSHr': 4.0},
    'Model C - Low Head, High Flow': {'a': 25, 'b': 0.006, 'NPSHr': 1.8}
}

# System curve: Static head only
def system_head(Q, suction_elev, discharge_elev):
    return discharge_elev - suction_elev

# Solve for operating point Q_opt (H_pump = H_system)
def find_operating_point(pump, suction_elev, discharge_elev):
    a, b = pump['a'], pump['b']
    static_head = discharge_elev - suction_elev
    delta_H = a - static_head
    if delta_H <= 0:
        return 0, a, static_head, False
    Q_opt = np.sqrt(delta_H / b)
    H_pump = a - b * Q_opt**2
    return Q_opt, H_pump, static_head, True

# NPSH safety check
def check_npsh(pump, vapor_head, suction_elev, pipe_loss, atm_head=10.3):
    NPSHa = atm_head + suction_elev - pipe_loss - vapor_head
    margin = NPSHa - pump['NPSHr']
    safe = margin >= 0.5
    return round(NPSHa, 2), round(pump['NPSHr'], 2), round(margin, 2), safe

# Widgets
pump_selector = widgets.Dropdown(options=list(pump_models.keys()), description='Pump Model:')
suction_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=2, min=-5, max=10, step=0.5, description='Suction Elev (m):')
discharge_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=30, min=0, max=100, step=1, description='Discharge Elev (m):')
pipe_diam_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=0.2, min=0.05, max=1.0, step=0.01, description='Pipe Diameter (m):')
vapor_head_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=0.3, min=0.2, max=1.5, step=0.05, description='Vapor Head (m):')
pipe_loss_slider = widgets.FloatSlider(value=0.6, min=0.1, max=2.0, step=0.1, description='Suction Pipe Loss (m):')
run_btn = widgets.Button(description='Estimate Flow Capacity')

# Callback
def on_click(b):
    pump = pump_models[pump_selector.value]
    Q_opt, H_pump, H_sys, feasible = find_operating_point(pump, suction_slider.value, discharge_slider.value)
    NPSHa, NPSHr, margin, safe = check_npsh(pump, vapor_head_slider.value, suction_slider.value, pipe_loss_slider.value)

    if not feasible:
        md = "### ❌ No feasible operating point — system head exceeds pump capability."
    else:
        md = f"""
### 🚰 Estimated Pump Flow Capacity

- **Pump Model**: {pump_selector.value}  
- **Static Head**: {H_sys:.2f} m  
- **Pump Head at Operating Point**: {H_pump:.2f} m  
- **Flow Capacity**: {Q_opt:.2f} L/s  
- **Pipe Diameter**: {pipe_diam_slider.value:.2f} m  

### 🧪 NPSH Check

- **NPSHa**: {NPSHa:.2f} m  
- **NPSHr**: {NPSHr:.2f} m  
- **Safety Margin**: {margin:.2f} m  
- {'✅ Cavitation risk is low' if safe else '⚠️ Cavitation risk detected — redesign advised'}
"""
    display(Markdown(md))

run_btn.on_click(on_click)

# Display UI
display(pump_selector, suction_slider, discharge_slider,
        pipe_diam_slider, vapor_head_slider, pipe_loss_slider, run_btn)

⚙️ Interactive Visualization of Pump Performance Curves#

This Python tool uses ipywidgets and matplotlib to display characteristic pump curves for various types, sizes, and speeds. It is useful for analyzing how impeller diameter and rotation speed affect pump behavior across flow rates.

📈 What It Shows#

Head vs. Flow Rate (Q-H Curve)
How the pressure head varies as flow increases. Different pump types exhibit distinct head profiles.
Efficiency vs. Flow Rate
Visualization of optimal operating regions where pump efficiency peaks.
Power Requirement vs. Flow Rate
Illustrates the energy consumption relative to throughput.

🔧 Interactive Inputs#

Pump Type
Select from Centrifugal, Axial, or Mixed-flow.
Impeller Diameter [m]
Adjust the size of the rotating impeller, which influences flow and head.
Rotational Speed [RPM]
Change pump shaft speed to see its effect on flow characteristics.

import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from ipywidgets import interact, FloatSlider, Dropdown

📐 Pump curve generator (simplified characteristic shapes)#

def pump_curve(Q, pump_type, D, N): # Normalize flow based on impeller diameter and speed Q_norm = Q / (D**2 * N)

if pump_type == 'Centrifugal':
    H = 60 * (1 - (Q_norm)**2)  # Head drops sharply
    Eff = 0.6 + 0.3 * np.exp(-((Q_norm - 0.6)**2) / 0.1)
    P = Q * H / (Eff + 1e-5)

elif pump_type == 'Axial':
    H = 20 * (1 - 0.4 * Q_norm)  # Flatter head
    Eff = 0.75 + 0.1 * np.sin(np.pi * Q_norm)
    P = Q * H / (Eff + 1e-5)

elif pump_type == 'Mixed-flow':
    H = 40 * (1 - 0.6 * Q_norm)
    Eff = 0.7 + 0.15 * np.exp(-((Q_norm - 0.5)**2) / 0.2)
    P = Q * H / (Eff + 1e-5)

else:
    H = np.zeros_like(Q)
    Eff = np.zeros_like(Q)
    P = np.zeros_like(Q)

return H, Eff, P

📊 Plot curves#

def update(pump_type, D, N): Q = np.linspace(1, 100, 100) H, Eff, P = pump_curve(Q, pump_type, D, N)

fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=(7, 10))

axs[0].plot(Q, H, 'b')
axs[0].set_ylabel('Head [m]')
axs[0].set_title(f'Pump Type: {pump_type} | D: {D} m | N: {N} RPM')
axs[0].grid(True)

axs[1].plot(Q, Eff, 'g')
axs[1].set_ylabel('Efficiency [-]')
axs[1].grid(True)

axs[2].plot(Q, P, 'r')
axs[2].set_ylabel('Power [W]')
axs[2].set_xlabel('Flow Rate Q [m³/h]')
axs[2].grid(True)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

🎛️ Interactive Controls#

interact(update, pump_type=Dropdown( options=[‘Centrifugal’, ‘Axial’, ‘Mixed-flow’], value=’Centrifugal’, description=’Pump Design’ ), D=FloatSlider( value=0.5, min=0.2, max=2.0, step=0.1, description=’Impeller Diameter [m]’ ), N=FloatSlider( value=1800, min=500, max=3600, step=100, description=’Rotational Speed [RPM]’ ) )

import numpy as np
from ipywidgets import interact, FloatSlider, Dropdown
from IPython.display import display
from ipywidgets import VBox, Label

# 🌊 Fluid properties
rho = 1000  # kg/m³
g = 9.81    # m/s²

# ⚙️ Suggest pump type based on scenario
def suggest_pump(application):
    if application == 'Wastewater Treatment':
        return 'Submersible or Progressive Cavity Pump'
    elif application == 'River Withdrawal':
        return 'Mixed-Flow or Vertical Turbine Pump'
    elif application == 'Stormwater Discharge':
        return 'Axial or Propeller Pump'
    else:
        return 'General Centrifugal Pump'

# 🔌 Estimate Power Requirement
def calculate_power(Q_m3hr, H, Eff):
    Q_m3s = Q_m3hr / 3600
    P_kW = (rho * g * Q_m3s * H) / (Eff * 1000)
    return round(P_kW, 2)

# 💬 Output calculator
def update(application, Q, H, Eff):
    pump = suggest_pump(application)
    power = calculate_power(Q, H, Eff)

    print("🏗️ Application Scenario:", application)
    print("🔧 Recommended Pump Type:", pump)
    print(f"💦 Design Flow Rate: {Q} m³/hr")
    print(f"📐 Design Head: {H} m")
    print(f"⚙️ Assumed Efficiency: {Eff}")
    print(f"🔌 Estimated Shaft Power Requirement: {power} kW")

# 🎛️ Interactive Controls with Descriptive Labels
display(VBox([
    Label("🏗️ Application Scenario: Select the operational context where pumping is needed."),
    Label("💦 Design Flow Rate [m³/hr]: Total volume of fluid to be pumped per hour."),
    Label("📐 Design Head [m]: Vertical height the fluid must be lifted or overcome due to system pressure."),
    Label("⚙️ Pump Efficiency [-]: Estimated mechanical efficiency of the pump used for conversion of shaft power.")
]))

interact(update,
    application=Dropdown(
        options=[
            'Wastewater Treatment',
            'River Withdrawal',
            'Stormwater Discharge'
        ],
        value='Wastewater Treatment',
        description='🌍 Select Application'
    ),
    Q=FloatSlider(
        value=200, min=10, max=2000, step=10,
        description='💦 Flow Rate [m³/hr]'
    ),
    H=FloatSlider(
        value=10, min=1, max=50, step=1,
        description='📐 Head [m]'
    ),
    Eff=FloatSlider(
        value=0.65, min=0.3, max=0.9, step=0.05,
        description='⚙️ Pump Efficiency'
    )
)

<function __main__.update(application, Q, H, Eff)>

4. Self-Assessment#

🧠 Hydraulic Pump Design & Selection: Reflective, Conceptual & Quiz Questions#

Pump Fundamentals#

What is the physical relationship between flow rate, head, and power in hydraulic systems?
Why does fluid density and gravity influence both pressure and power requirements?
How does efficiency affect the total energy demand of a hydraulic pump?

Pump Selection Logic#

What conditions would justify the use of a positive displacement pump instead of a centrifugal pump?
Why is head-based selection critical for identifying multistage vs. standard centrifugal pumps?
In what scenarios are peristaltic or piston pumps preferred?

💭 Reflective Questions#

As you manipulated the sliders, which input parameter had the most impact on calculated power? Why?
How does fluid viscosity affect pump type selection in practical field applications?
Have you ever worked on a system with limited installation space? What trade-offs were necessary in pump selection?
Think of a field situation where cavitation was observed—how might NPSH considerations have prevented it?
How confident do you feel explaining the link between design parameters and system efficiency to learners?

Design Calculations#

Q1. Increasing flow rate while keeping head and efficiency constant will:

A. Decrease required power
B. Increase required power ✅
C. Not affect power
D. Reduce outlet pressure

Q2. If head = 30 m and fluid density = 1000 kg/m³, what is approximate outlet pressure?

A. 2.94 kPa
B. 29.43 kPa ✅
C. 3.00 Pa
D. 294.3 kPa

Q3. Which combination of properties suggests use of a screw or gear pump?

A. High head and low flow
B. Water and low viscosity
C. Oil and viscosity > 100 cP ✅
D. Large solids and space constraints

Selection Conditions#

Q4. A system with 45 L/min flow and solids present would best use:

A. Vertical Inline Pump
B. Standard Centrifugal Pump
C. Diaphragm or Slurry Pump ✅
D. Multistage Centrifugal Pump

Q5. Which parameter does NOT influence outlet pressure directly?

A. Fluid density
B. Head
C. Viscosity ✅
D. Gravity

💧 Problem 1: Power Calculation#

A water distribution system requires a flow of 750 L/min and an elevation gain of 22 m. The pump operates at 78% efficiency.

Tasks:

Convert flow rate to m³/s
Estimate required input power in kW using:
\(( P = \frac{ρgQH}{η} \))
Compute outlet pressure in kPa assuming ρ = 1000 kg/m³

🔍 Problem 2: NPSH Evaluation#

For the same system:

Suction tank is 3.5 m above pump centerline
Pipe losses before pump = 1.2 m
Vapor pressure head at 25°C = 0.3 m

Tasks:

Calculate NPSHa:
\(( NPSHa = Z + P_{atm} - h_{loss} - h_{vapor} \))
If pump’s NPSHr = 2.8 m, will cavitation occur?

📈 Problem 3: Operating Point Selection#

Use the simplified system curve:
\(( H_{sys} = 10 + 0.002Q^2 \))

Pump curve:
\(( H_{pump} = 30 - 0.0015Q^2 \))

Tasks:

Graph both curves on the same axis (Q vs. H)
Determine operating point (intersection)
Identify if operating point falls near BEP

🔗 Problem 4: Pump Configuration Comparison#

Design two configurations for a site needing 1800 L/min and 65 m head.

Tasks:

Choose pump type(s) for each configuration:
- Single pump
- Two pumps in series
- Two pumps in parallel
Compute head and flow for each configuration
Compare power requirements and NPSH conditions

🧠 Challenge Scenario#

You are designing a pump station for a slurry discharge line with:

Flow: 45 L/min
Head: 12 m
Fluid: Viscous + solid particles
Limited installation space

Tasks:

Select pump type and justify choice
Describe expected pump curve shape
Identify risks to operation and mitigation strategies

✍️ Reflection Prompt#

How does fluid type influence pump selection and operating safety?
What trade-offs do you make between energy efficiency and system flexibility?
Where might you prioritize NPSH safety over pump cost?

Chapter 3 Hydraulics: Hydraulic Pumps

Contents

Chapter 3 Hydraulics: Hydraulic Pumps#

1. Introduction#

💧 Hydraulic Pumps: Concepts, Design, and System Integration#

📘 Definition#

⚙️ Design Parameters#

🔍 Types of Hydraulic Pumps#

🧪 Pump Selection Guidelines#

📈 Pump Characteristic Curve#

📊 System Curve#

🎯 Selection of Operating Point#

🧮 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)#

🔗 Pumps in Series vs. Pumps in Parallel#

References#

2. Simulation#

💧 Summary: Interactive Hydraulic Pump Design & Selection Tool#

📘 What It Is#

⚙️ How It Works#

🔧 Design Calculator#

🔍 Pump Selector#

🧭 Inputs and Parameters#

📊 Interpreting Output#

3. Simulation#

💧 Summary: Pump Flow Capacity Estimator (Interactive Tool)#

📘 What It Is#

⚙️ What It Does#

🧮 How It Works#

📊 Input Parameters#

📈 How to Interpret Outputs#

⚙️ Interactive Visualization of Pump Performance Curves#

📈 What It Shows#

🔧 Interactive Inputs#

📐 Pump curve generator (simplified characteristic shapes)#

📊 Plot curves#

🎛️ Interactive Controls#

4. Self-Assessment#

🧠 Hydraulic Pump Design & Selection: Reflective, Conceptual & Quiz Questions#

Pump Fundamentals#

Pump Selection Logic#

💭 Reflective Questions#

Design Calculations#

Selection Conditions#

💧 Problem 1: Power Calculation#

🔍 Problem 2: NPSH Evaluation#

📈 Problem 3: Operating Point Selection#

🔗 Problem 4: Pump Configuration Comparison#

🧠 Challenge Scenario#

✍️ Reflection Prompt#